IEEE White Papers

Written in conjunction with U.S. MOTORS experts, these IEEE White Papers are useful technical resources. See below for abstracts and links.

Please note: IEEE Membership is required to view the full white paper content.

Motor bearing systems for forest products applications

Abstract: Numerous bearing systems are used in the electric motor industry. These systems even vary for a given manufacturer based upon the motor size, type, enclosure, speed and application. This paper focuses on anti-friction rolling element, grease or oil lubricated bearings used in both vertical and horizontal motors. The primary focus is on industrial applications that use the more traditional types of bearings, lubricating systems and enclosures. It is acknowledged that there are other specialized bearings in operation and that there are other types of machinery where the principles of the paper may have application. A comparison is made between the different types of bearing systems available. Loading, speed, coupling and life factors are considered. The various methods of lubrication, sealing, mounting, and clamping are reviewed. Recommendations are given for a wide variety of industrial applications.

Squirrel cage rotor options for AC induction motors

Abstract: This paper reviews the features of the squirrel cage rotor used in AC induction motors. There is a wide variety of design options available depending upon the motor size and application. Their various types and options are presented. Design considerations, manufacturing processes, operating characteristics, maintenance issues are covered. The scope of motors is limited to three phase, low through medium voltage up to 5000 hp and two pole and slower speeds.

Engineering method for the integration of modules into fast evolving production systems in the process industry

The impact voltage and frequency variations have on squirrel cage induction motors

Abstract: This paper discusses the effects of voltage and frequency variation on squirrel cage induction motor performance. The major focus is the impact on efficiency, thermal insulation life, starting characteristics, reliability and cost penalties. Transient voltages are identified and harmonic distortion issues are addressed. Voltage/ frequency issues associated with adjustable frequency drive applications are beyond the scope of this paper.

Ten things you should know about installing, operating and maintaining electric motors

Abstract: This document provides information on how to enhance the performance and life of electric motors used in the petroleum and chemical industry. It covers purchasing the correct motor for a given application, installing it correctly, and operating it within parameters that will maximize the motor's performance and life. By doing so, the life cycle costs can be minimized and reliability will be maximized.

The Difference Between Vertical and Horizontal Motors Used in the Petrochemical Industry

Abstract: This paper addresses the similarities and critical differences between the design, installation, operation and maintenance of horizontal and definite purpose vertical motors.

Recommendations for Specifying, Installing, Maintaining and Repairing Electric Motors That Will Provide Optimum Performance and Service

Abstract: This paper is directed towards those who are not necessarily experts when dealing with industrial AC motor applications yet have the responsibility to assure that they are applied, operated, and maintained properly in order to assure long life, trouble free service. Motors that are specifically applied in the Petro-Chem industry are built in accordance with the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) standards such as IEEE 841 [1], API 547 [2], API 546 [3], API 541 [4] and are the main focus of this paper. International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) [5] standards are also taken into consideration (mainly the IEC 60034 series).

Root cause failure analysis for AC Induction Motors in the petroleum and chemical industry

Abstract: This paper is an abridgement and update of numerous IEEE papers dealing with Squirrel Cage Induction Motor failure analysis. They are the result of a taxonomic study and research conducted by the author during a 40 year career in the motor industry. As the Petrochemical Industry is revolving to reliability based maintenance, increased attention should be given to preventing repeated failures. The Root Cause Failure methodology presented in this paper will assist in this transition. The scope of the product includes Squirrel Cage Induction Motors up to 3000 hp, however, much of this methodology has application to larger sizes and types.

Techniques in motor starting

Abstract: This paper is intended to serve as a guide and reference document for all facets of starting of induction AC motors. Covered topics include; NEMA starting design letters, IEC versus NEMA starting, starting methods, starting adjustable speed drives, inertial effects on acceleration, starting cycles, thermal protective devices in starting, quick restarts and other starting topics

Motor bearing systems

Abstract: Numerous bearing systems are used in the electric motor industry. These systems even vary for a given manufacturer based on the motor size, type, enclosure, speed, and application. This article focuses on anti-friction rolling-element, grease- or oil-lubricated bearings used in vertical and horizontal motors. Although common in large motors, the hydrodynamic sleeve and plate-type bearings are beyond the scope of this article. The primary focus is on industrial applications that use more traditional types of bearings, lubricating systems, and enclosures. It is acknowledged that there are other specialized bearings in operation and other types of machinery where the principles of the article may have application. A comparison is made between the different types of bearing systems available. Loading, speed, coupling, and life factors are considered. The various methods of lubrication, sealing, mounting, and clamping are reviewed. Recommendations are given for a wide variety of industrial applications. The primary focus of this article is on conrad-type ball bearings, with the understanding that other types of bearings are, used for specific applications. These bearings can be open, shielded, or sealed.

Motor temperature considerations for pulp and paper mill applications

Abstract: This paper reviews the motor temperature operating consideration for totally enclosed fan cooled (TEFC), open dripproof and weather protected II type of motor through 500 hp, both low voltage (LV) and medium voltage (MV). The IEEE Standard 841 has been revised as IEEE Std 841-2001 and is expected to be in use for at least five years. The TEFC motors covered in this standard have found wide acceptance in the pulp and paper industry. Much of the material also applies to large motors sizes. The thermal impact on the stator winding rotor core, bearings, and lubrications as specified in standards and applied in mills are considered.

Understanding Efficiency in Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors

Analysis of Winding Failures in Three-Phase Squirrel Cage Induction Motors

Abstract: Every motor user is faced with the fact that someday his motor will fail. Due to the destructive nature of most failures, it is not easy to determine the cause. The purpose of this paper is to introduce a procedure for analyzing these failures and determining the cause so that further steps can be taken to eliminate them.

Root Cause Methodology for Induction Motors: A Step-by-Step Guide to Examining Failure

Abstract: Over the course of my 40-year career in the motor industry, I have been involved in an extensive taxonomic study and ongoing research into squirrel cage induction motor failure analysis. This topic is particularly relevant now as the petrochemical industry is moving toward reliability-based maintenance and has begun to require increased attention to prevent repeated failures. This article is intended to abridge and update numerous previously published articles on the subject and present a root cause failure methodology that will assist in the petrochemical industry's transition. The scope of the project includes squirrel cage induction motors up to 3,000 hp; however, much of this methodology includes applications to larger sizes and types.

Effect of Power Deviations on Squirrel-Cage Induction Motors: Addressing the Impact of Voltage and Frequency Variations

Abstract: This article discusses the effects of voltage and frequency variation on squirrel-cage induction motor performance. The major focus of the article is the impact of these elements on efficiency, thermal insulation life, starting characteristics, reliability, and cost penalties. Transient voltages are identified and harmonic distortion issues are also addressed; voltage/frequency issues associated with adjustable frequency drive applications, however, are beyond the scope of this article.